Medical And Psychological Treatment Of Mental Health

There is a severe lack of understanding about mental health throughout many communities throughout the country. Because of this, many people do not accept the fact that mental illness is a genuine struggle that many people face on a daily basis and, as a result, most do not understand how widespread it is, particularly for adolescents. According to recent research, 10-15% of teenagers have experienced some symptoms of depression, roughly 20% percent of teens will experience depression before they reach adulthood, and adolescents who suffer from depression are twelve times more likely to attempt suicide. . One health behavior thatis extremely important is receiving medical and psychological treatment for mental illness. However, because mental health is still a taboo issue within many communities, there are many risk and protective factors that need to be taken into consideration. Evaluating these using the five levels of the social-ecological model—individual, interpersonal, o rganizational, community, and public policy--explains how individuals are affected by themselves, their relationships, their community, and their society as a whole.The first level of this model is the individual. One of the largest risk factors of individuals seeking treatment for mental illness is the difficulty of self-identification. Adolescents are surrounded by a variety of pressures, so oftentimes the individual is unable to detect that he/she is struggling from mental illness. If the individualShow MoreRelatedInsurance Coverage For Mental Disorders1679 Words   |  7 Pages Insurance coverage for mental disorders Jyoti.Waddigeri MHS: Mental Health and Society Professor- Dr. Mirjana Zivkovic United States University, San- Diego. Date- 03/27/2016 Insurance coverage for mental disorders INTRODUCTION In the mid twenty first century, 80 percent of persons with maladjustment had some type of open or private medical insurance coverage. This level of scope mirrored the extension of advantages for mental health care inside of private insuranceRead MoreEssay on Pci Assignment1686 Words   |  7 Pageseffectiveness of varied mental health services (Hayes et al, 1999) .Although this model has been widely accepted, it has been subjected to a number of criticisms. For instance, with the increasingly popular philosophical post-modernist perspective, it has been argued that the scientist-practitioner model is too modernistic and medical in its approach. Consequently, the funds allocated by the government towards mental health practices seem unfairly allocated, with many psychological methodologies lackingRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa: Nursing Interventions1326 Words   |  5 Pagesinterventions Anorexia nervosa has a higher mortality rate than any other psychological illness. Its primary clinical feature is extreme emaciation as a result of the patients refusal to maintain a healthy body weight. Weight loss may be achieved through caloric restriction or a combination of caloric restriction and purging behaviors (vomiting, laxatives, and exercise) (Understanding eating disorders, 2013, Australia Psychological Society). Besides self-starvation, other physical signs of the disorderRead MoreMental Health : A Common Occurrence For People1622 Words   |  7 Pages MENTAL HEALTH (Name) (University) Mental Health Introduction It is a common occurrence for people to experience fear or sadness at one point in their lives. While this is acceptable dealing with fear or sadness has proven to be a challenging situation, calling for professional intervention. When fear or sadness becomes hard to deal with, people often use such diagnostic words as anxiety and depression. Apparently, anxiety and depression are the leading cause of global mental health problemRead MoreEssay on Hypochondriasis as A Mental Disorder1184 Words   |  5 PagesHypochondriasis as A Mental Disorder Headache = Tumor. Cough = Tuberculosis. Mole = Skin Cancer. Such is the thought process of a hypochodriac. As defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV (DSM-IV), hypochondriasis is an unrealistic interpretation of ones bodily sensations as abnormal, leading to the fear and belief that one has a serious disease (1). This preoccupation with having a serious medical condition is one of the somatoform disorders and may be considered more as a symptomRead MoreThe On Adult Survivors Of Child Sexual Abuse1144 Words   |  5 Pagesconsistent with the objective medical evidence.† However, there is no objective evidence other than the one episode during the consultative psychological assessment. 1) With a severe trauma, and experiencing symptoms daily for a number of years, it is questionable that she struggled to identify the triggers of her panic attacks as documented in the CE. 2) Research has shown that adult survivors of child sexual abuse often have a myriad of physical and psychological symptoms related to the abuseRead MoreCommunity Counseling Case Study990 Words   |  4 Pagesintegrated health counselor to collaboratively work with various clinicians to determine the appropriate diagnosis to begin individual counseling. During the course of the student’s treatment (i.e. one academic year), he engaged in relationships with numerous counselors, clinicians, and physicians. Mostly, the treatment plan consisted of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy sessions. Upon completion of the study, the student reported that the work of the physician and behavioral health specialistsRead MoreEating Disorders Essays1284 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals mental and physical health. There are two main types of eating disorders – anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. There is a third category of eating disorders called â€Å"eating disorders not otherwis e specified†. Binge eating disorder is categorized under this. Eating disorders mainly appear during adolescence and early adulthood and affect women and girls much more than males. Eating disorders are not self-inflicted diseases, but real illnesses with biological and psychological causes. TheyRead MoreEffects Of Depression On African American Community1148 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Treatment for mental, physical, and other health-related ailments is widely diagnosed in today’s society. Some cultures accept the aid of healthcare providers, but others believe in self-treatment. Each year depression affects an estimated 17 million people in the United States (Ward, Mengesha, 2013). In the African American community dysthymia, mild persistent depression, is a huge health concern. Findings show that African American women are at a higher risk to experience signs of depressionRead MoreDiagnosis Of Major Depressive Disorder1471 Words   |  6 PagesSchoevers, 2004 p. 430; Watters, 2010). In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO), estimated that over 350 million people suffer from depressive symptoms worldwide. Accurate diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in other countries can be challenging, as individuals are not assessed regularly in primary care clinics. Across many cultures, somatic symptoms tend to be reported more frequently than emotional and behavioral symptoms, with treatment primarily prescribed for the physical symptom, which

Effective Writing Style in Hemingways The Sun Also Rises...

Effective Writing Style in Hemingways The Sun Also Rises â€Å"The bull charged as Romero charged. Romero’s left hand dropped the muleta over the bull’s muzzle to blind him, his left shoulder went forward between the horns as the sword went in and for just an instant he and the bull were one† (p. 222). Ernest Hemingway is one of the greatest American authors of all time. With his ability to pull the reader into the unfolding story and make them feel like one of the characters, Hemingway excels at showing how a story can take on a life of its own if written correctly. One novel that displays Hemingways unique style of writing is The Sun Also Rises (1926). Set in Paris and the Spanish city of Pamplona, this novel is a story of a†¦show more content†¦Along with this stripped type of narration, Hemingway uses three different aspects of the six trait writing system to allow Jake Barnes to describe his life in a style that is unique to Hemingway. The Sun Also Rises is a story full of complex emotions and hidden agendas. Hemingway uses sentence fluency to reveal these hidden traits and emotions of his characters. Sentence fluency is achieved by avoiding redundancy, using creative phrasing, and creating a certain rhythm and flow throughout the body of writing (Six Trait. . .). While Hemingway uses some of the traits of sentence fluency in the novel, the reader is drawn mostly to the lack of sentence fluency in sections. One such example is when Jake returns from an evening out with friends. There was a crest on the announcement. Like Zizi the Greek duke. And that count. The count was funny. Brett had a title, too. Lady Ashley. To hell with Brett. To hell with you, Lady Ashley (p. 38). This sudden outburst of emotion, which abruptly disrupts the flow of the page, reveals a certain aspect of Jakes character that hints at past events that caused a negative light to be shed on Lady Ashleys character. This sublimina l introduction of a characters traits by using sentence fluency is just one of the many ways that Hemingways style of writing is different from other authors. This novel is very interesting in that it is set inShow MoreRelated Hemingways The Sun Also Rises Essay1338 Words   |  6 PagesHemingways The Sun Also Rises Hemingway sat down to write The Sun Also Rises on September 15,1925 and only six days later, the first draft was complete with the title of Fiesta. The first draft was almost a direct journalistic account of his experience in Paris and Spain, with the names of the characters corresponding to real people. After taking a break from it and writing The Torrents of Spring in order to break his contract with publisher Horace Liverwright, Hemingway returnedRead MoreSilvia Parra Dela Longa. Professor: Leslie Richardson.1404 Words   |  6 PagesLonga Professor: Leslie Richardson ENGL 2342 26 February 2017 The Style of Ernest Hemingway According to critic Robert McCrum, associate literary editor of The Observer, and writer of six novels (theguardian.com) The Sun also Rises ranks number 53 on the list of the 100 best novels of 20th century American Literature. Why does The Sun Also Rises is respected as landmark in the world of words? One of the reasons is about the writing style of Hemingway, which transformed the path of American and EnglishRead More Ernest Hemingway Essay868 Words   |  4 Pagesforever . . . The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to the place where he arose . . . The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits . . . .All the rivers run into the sea; ye the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again.† (Ecclesiastes 1:4-7) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ernest Hemingway’s style of writing is a unique form.Read MoreEssay Ernest Hemingway2650 Words   |  11 Pages Ernest Hemingway’s tough, terse prose and short, declarative sentences did more to change the style of written English that any other writing in the twentieth century. Ernest Hemingway had many great accomplishments in his historical life but one event sticks out from the rest. The Old Man and the Sea is one of Hemingway’s most enduring works. Told in Language of great simplicity and power, it is the story of an old Cuban fisherman, agonizing battle with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf StreamRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagessomething nonhuman. In these lines from John Donnes poem The Sun Rising the poet scolds the sun for interrupting his nighttime activities: Busy old fool, unruly sun, Why dost thou thus, Through windows, and through curtains call on us? An absent person, an abstract concept, or an important object is directly addressed. Example: With how sad steps, O moon, thou climbest the skies. Busy old fool, unruly sun. 11. archetype-something that serves as a model or a basisRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagescommentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model† for a piece of critical appreciation. Nevertheless, one can give information and suggestions that may prove helpfulRead MoreRomanticism and Modernism as Strange Bedfellows: A Fresh Look at Jack Kerouacs On the Road12240 Words   |  49 Pagesthe distinction as one of the 100 best English-speaking novels of the 20th century according to the Modern Library. Through the process of writing the novel, from notebook to scroll, to the ultimate published version, Kerouac found his voice in a new way he had never experienced before.1 Though Kerouac’s novel germinates from a romantic seed, it also has a definite modernistic counterpart dwelling within it. A number of critics at the time accentuated the romanticism of Kerouac’s work andRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pagesto believe. There’s a much darker side to old man Columbus†¦ Facts: Born to a middle-class family in Genoa (now modern Italy); as a boy and young man he worked on ships and as a business apprentice. He was an ambitious, self-educated man who was also very religious and interested in Christianity (and the spreading of it) In Columbus’s lifetime, the â€Å"Silk Road† to China and India - an important trade route and source of luxury goods - became much more dangerous to travel, and many navigators

Major Issues of Australian Tourism Industry-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the various issues that have affected Australias tourism industry. Answer: Introduction: The report discusses various issues that have affected Australias tourism industry. There is different crisis like increasing natural disaster and diseases that can be potential threats to the tourism sector of any country but there are some specific issues like employment and increasing competition that has far reaching impact on the hospitality and tourism sector in Australia (Australia.gov.au 2017). The operational context: The survey found that the hospitality sector of Australia has faced a high growth in last decade. People from all around the world has been preferring to visit the natural beauty of the Australian islands. This has increased the competition level among the various hospitality companies and related business. In fact, the hospitality business survey has recorded 73% increase in competition. The young foodie culture is also responsible for this increased competition. This neck-to neck competition among the companies has affected the sector as it is facing lesser demand for services (Singal, 2015). The employee turnover is one of the primary problem in the tourism and hospitality sector of Australia. Due to various reasons a considerable amount of labour leave the sector per year. This hampers the operation as well as development of the business. The problem of employee retention in the organization has become difficult which also effect on the work culture. The human resource context: Tourism and hospitality industry is considered to be the sunniest sector with lesser risk but the fast increasing competition has potentially affected the human resource sector. As mentioned before, the employee retention is a huge problem and this competition has opened the way for more employee turnover. The companies are losing productivity because the employees who were recruited, trained and given all facilities, are leaving ne company for more facilities. This continuous shift among the companies is responsible for killing the company culture by creating a negative workforce (Li and Huang 2017). According to the reports published by the Cornell Centre for Australian Hospitality Research Studies, the approach of the management and the attitude of the co-workers has great impact on the employee retention. Therefore, the contagion effect has played an important role in the hospitality sector where the overall attitude of the workforce cannot be avoided. Turnover resulted in affecting productivity as well as profit management. The financial context: The hospitality sector is facing a terrible competitiveness among the companies. The research reveals the continued success largely depends upon the ability to compete effectively in the markets. Competition among the organizations have reduced their fee structures, theoretically causing the customers to lower fees as well as prices, which are adversely affecting their profits (Manhas and Tukamushaba 2015). New competition along with existing competition is putting pressure to follow different business model or update model that includes technology for remaining competitive and surviving in the competitive market of Australian hospitality sector. The research has revealed that the increase competition among the companies has led to more than 50% revenue loss for the hospitality business. For increasing competition, the sector has been suffering financially because the companies are bearing costs for requiting, providing training, on boarding and pre-departure costs. According to the Deloitte Hospitality report, ever companies spend 33 percent of their revenues on the labour costs alone (Kim and Lee 2013). Therefore, the companies ate facing a huge financial lose in human resource sector. The product and markets context conclusion: For surviving in the highly competitive hospitality industry of Australia effective performance in terms of service and customer satisfaction are essential. As the customer demand for services no longer ensues automatically in the market, the organizations are pressurised to offer more favourable terms as well as services for customer satisfaction. The compaction has increased pressure for meeting the customer expectations, retaining them thus sustain profits. For these, they have been investing in requiting skilled labours, update themselves technologically, adding luxurious physical facilities and change infrastructure (Baker et al 2016). These are eventually affecting the profit of the organizations. This sector is one of the top job creators that requires various degrees of expertise. Therefore, it provides quick entry for women, youth as well as migrant workers. On the other hand, it needs to maintain quality. People and Quality strategy involves prioritisation of the customer needs, is putting pressure on the organizations for developing the corporate quality as well as employee philosophy by training as well as empowering the staff so that they can enhance the service or products as well as provide competitive advantage (McPhail et al 2015). Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that The tourism and hospitality sector of Australia is very much labour intensive as well as an essential source of employment. Increasing competition and problem in employee retention needs to be managed immediately otherwise these problems will continue harming the industry. References: Australia.gov.au (2017).Tourism | australia.gov.au. [online] Australia.gov.au. Available at: https://www.australia.gov.au/information-and-services/passports-and-travel/tourism [Accessed 10 Dec. 2017]. Baker, M.A., Baker, M.A., Magnini, V.P. and Magnini, V.P., 2016. The evolution of services marketing, hospitality marketing and building the constituency model for hospitality marketing.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(8), pp.1510-1534. Kim, T.T. and Lee, G., 2013. Hospitality employee knowledge-sharing behaviors in the relationship between goal orientations and service innovative behavior.International Journal of Hospitality Management,34, pp.324-337. Li, Y. and Huang, S.S., 2017. Hospitality service climate, employee service orientation, career aspiration and performance: A moderated mediation model.International Journal of Hospitality Management,67, pp.24-32. Manhas, P.S. and Tukamushaba, E.K., 2015. Understanding service experience and its impact on brand image in hospitality sector.International Journal of Hospitality Management,45, pp.77-87. McPhail, R., Patiar, A., Herington, C., Creed, P. and Davidson, M., 2015. Development and initial validation of a hospitality employees job satisfaction index: Evidence from Australia.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(8), pp.1814-1838. Singal, M., 2015. How is the hospitality and tourism industry different? An empirical test of some structural characteristics.International Journal of Hospitality Management,47, pp.116-119.

Internet Censorship Essays (1402 words) - Pornography Law

Internet Censorship Computer, Internet, Privacy INTERNET REGULATION: POLICING CYBERSPACE The Internet is a method of communication and a source of information that is becoming more popular among those who are interested in, and have the time to surf the information superhighway. The problem with this much information being accessible to this many people is that some of it is deemed inappropriate for minors. The government wants censorship, but a segment of the population does not. Legislative regulation of the Internet would be an appropriate function of the government. The Communications Decency Act is an amendment which prevents the information superhighway from becoming a computer red light district. On June 14, 1995, by a vote of 84-16, the United States Senate passed the amendment. It is now being brought through the House of Representatives. 1 The Internet is owned and operated by the government, which gives them the obligation to restrict the materials available through it. Though it appears to have sprung up overnight, the inspiration of free-spirited hackers, it in fact was born in Defense Department Cold War projects of the 1950s.2 The United States Government owns the Internet and has the responsibility to determine who uses it and how it is used. The government must control what information is accessible from its agencies. This material is not lawfully available through the mail or over the telephone, there is no valid reason these perverts should be allowed unimpeded on the Internet. Since our initiative, the industry has commendably advanced some blocking devices, but they are not a substitute for well-reasoned law. 4 Because the Internet has become one of the biggest sources of information in this world, legislative safeguards are imperative. The government gives citizens the privilege of using the Internet, but it has never given them the right to use it. They seem to rationalize that the framers of the constitution planned & plotted at great length to make certain that above all else, the profiteering pornographer, the pervert and the pedophile must be free to practice their pursuits in the presence of children on a taxpayer created and subsidized computer network.3 People like this are the ones in the wrong. Taxpayer's dollars are being spent bringing obscene text and graphics into the homes of people all over the world. The government must take control to prevent pornographers from using the Internet however they see fit because they are breaking laws that have existed for years. Cyberpunks, those most popularly associated with the Internet, are members of a rebellious society that are polluting these networks with information containing pornography, racism, and other forms of explicit information. When they start rooting around for a crime, new cybercops are entering a pretty unfriendly environment. Cyberspace, especially the Internet, is full of those who embrace a frontier culture that is222 hostile to authority and fearful that any intrusions of police or government will destroy their self-regulating world.5 The self-regulating environment desired by the cyberpunks is an opportunity to do whatever they want. The Communications Decency Act is an attempt on part of the government to control their free attitude displayed in homepages such as Sex, Adult Pictures, X-Rated Porn, Hot Sleazy Pictures (Cum again + again) and sex, sex, sex. heck, it's better even better than real sex6. What we are doing is simply making the same laws, held constitutional time and time again by the courts with regard to obscenity and indecency through the mail and telephones, applicable to the Internet.7 To keep these kinds of pictures off home computers, the government must control information on the Internet, just as it controls obscenity through the mail or on the phone. Legislative regulations must be made to control information on the Internet because the displaying or distribution of obscene material is illegal. The courts have generally held that obscenity is illegal under all circumstances for all ages, while indecency is generally allowable to adults, but that laws protecting children from this lesser form are acceptable. It's called protecting those among us who are children from the vagrancies of adults.8 The constitution of the United States has set regulations to determine what is categorized as obscenity and what is not. In Miller vs. California, 413 U.S. at 24-25, the court announced its

Share Holder Wealth Maximization Vis a Vis Social Responsibility

Share Holder Wealth Maximization Vis a Vis Social Responsibility Introduction Limited information is found on how economic enterprises can incorporate business ethics and social responsibility as a means through which their primary objective of shareholder wealth maximization is achieved (Hawley 1991, p. 714).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Share Holder Wealth Maximization Vis a Vis Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This lack of ethical considerations seems to be not only confined within the academic sphere but there is evidence of it taking a toll in the realm of corporate practice in the economy. Enterprises have ignored the ethical concerns in strategizing on how they will achieve their goal of wealth maximization. Through their total disregard of ethical issues, corporates are assuming that the mere pursuit of the wealth maximization goal meets the social responsibilities that could possibly be expected from any entity. However, there has been limited res earch and analysis of the ethical foundations and the perceived implications of the goal of shareholder wealth maximization. This paper seeks to analyze to what extent the corporate world incorporates business ethics and social responsibility in pursuing their primary objective of maximizing the shareholders’ wealth and how this pays back in terms of increased returns to the shareholders. It highlights the main differences between the goal of profit maximization and that of wealth maximization and the role played by market forces in the pricing of stocks within the shareholder wealth maximization paradigm. It argues that empirical and theoretical evidence on this subject will most usually lead to overlapping interpretations (Smith 2003, p. 58). Share Holder Wealth Maximization Since Milton Friedman’s largely criticized position that â€Å"the social responsibility of business is to increase its profits†, the ethical aspect in the maximization of shareholder weal th has been given a wide consideration. In order to build a logical analysis of this notion, it is of paramount that we understand the crucial link between the two distinct goals of a corporation, i.e. Wealth maximization and profit maximization. While the two may share some similarities, they are also characterized by various inconsistencies as analysed by Solomon in his work, (Solomon 1963, p. 2). For instance, profit maximization as an objective best suits a traditional macroeconomic market which is characterized by minimal uncertainties; the entrepreneur is the main decision-maker, the shareholding is fixed and determines within a given period.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This kind of business structure is especially of great utility in analyzing the variables, i.e. Prices of raw materials and end products, production level etc., which occupies a central po sition for any corporate whole. According to Winch (1971, p. 14), profit maximization goes hand in hand with the ethical goal of the utilitarian mode of resource allocation. Contrary to the microeconomic world, proper allocation of resources is very integral to a corporate entity in regard to its financial dealings (Beurden Gossling 2008, p. 412). This difference in terms of the central focus of each establishes new fundamentals which the profit maximization paradigm declines to involve itself with. For example, this whole new structure separates the entity’s decision making from its ownership and places it in the hands of a separate and distinct management body. As this happens, uncertainties on the future earning capability of the firm sets-in when capital stock features in as a variable to be determined too. The goal of wealth maximization is developed by maximally utilizing the utility maximization strategy, i.e. management, being agents of the shareholders are required to maximize the projected utility of the shareholders’ wealth. If for instance wealth is the main argument in the utility of the shareholder, maximizing the anticipated utility of the wealth of the shareholder reduces the core objective of the entity as maximization of shareholder wealth. To this end, the ethical concept of a corporate finance adopts the same approach as that of microeconomics as use of utility maximization incorporates characteristics of the utilitarian ethic (Shaw 2009, p. 569). Conversely, the introduction of an element of the future, uncertainty, separated decision making structure creates complications in utilitarian allocation of resources. When even this basic objective cannot be achieved, it only holds strong for the argument that wealth maximization is incapable of providing a feasible ethical foundation for a corporate entity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Share Holder Wealth Maximization Vis a Vis Social Responsibility s pecifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, some essential features of wealth maximization are not included in the utilitarian resource allocation framework. For instance, the wealth of the shareholder is directly linked to the price of capital stock and in extension, the mode through which marketing for ownership claims contains elements of ethical concerns by the entity (Wilcke 2004, p. 198). Working on the assumption that the main objective of an entity is wealth maximization, various issues can be identified. For instance, since wealth maximization is completely dependent on market forces in order to create a strong value for the ownership of the firm, a question arises whether these market forces bring about stock prices incorporating the value of the social responsibility of the firm. To answer this question, we need to determine to what extent security prices reflects information on a firm’s ethical concern. Unfortunately, if this debate continues, it will take us to the more irresolvable question of what the world perceives as constituting proper ethical behaviour. It even gets more complex when management, as the agents of shareholders, gets into the picture and we are faced with the question of whether shareholders would count management actions as constituting acceptable ethical behaviour (Cosans 2009, p. 396). Determining Share Prices Determination of security prices is a fundamental concern of corporate finance. Through efficient market hypothesis, the price of securities is a reflection of the information available to investors when making investment decisions. Through the market hypothesis, we can attempt to analyze the ethical impacts of the wealth maximization goal. For example, if wealth maximization is to meet a specified ethical standard, the price of securities should incorporate information containing ethical elements. In order to succeed in this, we need to first set an ethical standard. Then empirical tests will be carried out based on the changes in prices of securities and determine the impact of ethical issues on the market prices.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The analysis will be made based on the assumption the main goal of the management is maximization of shareholders wealth (Husted Salazar 2006, p. 83). The hypothesis could also test on separate aspects, for example when a certain firm has been known to exhibit differing degrees of adherent to ethical issues. But this latter hypothesis will present various challenges. For example, there may be a situation whereby an organization allows management to engage in both socially acceptable behaviour as well as unethical acts which are perceived to result into positive effects. This may occur where the returns of the illegal acts are significant as compared to the costs to be suffered when such acts come to light such as litigation costs, fines and other penalties, reduced goodwill, etc. there could also be other mitigating factors such as the ability to keep the illegal activities as well hidden company secrets or by putting up strategies for timely damage control when such activities com e to light. Besides, even when using efficient market hypothesis, it is hard to tell whether if an alternative course of action was taken it would have resulted in a different price change pattern. For example, it would be difficult to determine whether the unethical behaviour was a reflection of the ethical failures of the wealth maximization goal or that management diverted from practices consistent with wealth maximization objectives. This debate is premised on the idea that the efficient market hypothesis, by its very nature is characterized by joint hypothesis, i.e. price determination models are usually implied. Such an assumed model of price determination if it dictates that we assess a particular ethical issue, then a null hypothesis of the efficient market hypothesis requires that unethical act would violate the primary goal of wealth maximization. According to Treynor (1981, p. 7), management should address financial demands of the different factions within the organizatio n if it is to emerge as a successful entity. These factions include customers, employees, suppliers and other stakeholders. The wealth maximization goal requires that in pursuing its objectives, a corporation should take into consideration the interests of all the stakeholders of the organization, not just the shareholders. Thus we can use this argument to say that wealth maximization encourages the adoption of socially responsible business behaviour. The crucial connection between wealth maximization and the efficient market hypothesis can be well illustrated using the classical corporate theory. This theory proposes that a firm would most likely invest in a project projecting positive net present value. The variables used to calculate the projected cash flows is based on the performance of the firm which has been theorized by the management where it may have or may have not incorporated ethical behaviour. Here, the price of securities will be based on the management’s asses sment of the market. Including social responsibility and ethical behaviour in calculating the projected cash flows will be in line with wealth maximization where such considerations are reflected on the prices of securities. Empirical Considerations As we have noted above, empirical evidence does not help us determine whether pursuing wealth maximization will amount to a socially responsible and ethical managerial behaviour. It requires us to define what constitutes proper ethical behaviour and since ethical issues are complex in themselves, it will create conflicting opinions on the subject. Nevertheless, we can draw from the few theoretical and empirical studies relating to the impact of socially responsible behaviour on the price of stocks. In this light, it has been argued that price fixing has the potential to increase new entrants into the market industry leading to higher competition and thus diminishing returns (Waldman 1988, p. 78). Therefore, if the wealth maximization is the main objective, price-fixing is aimed at offsetting losses in profit by offering a lower discount rate facilitated by a reduced business risk leading to a higher net profit margin. Yet, if this is not the end result, then price fixing will ultimately have the effect of reducing shareholders’ wealth. Research has shown that disclosing a legal action intended to correct corporate price fixing has resulted in significant negative returns (Skantz et al. 1990, p. 159). On this basis, while the reduced returns could be the market’s punitive costs for behaving unethically, it could also have arisen from a perceived increased business risk which has nothing to do with ethical issues. This is further evidence of the difficulties encountered in attempting to use market data to determine whether pursuing wealth maximization leads to ethical outcomes. Since the reduced returns arose because the market became aware of the unethical behaviour and not because of engaging in the a ctual price fixing, a question arises as to what information was originally included in the prices. If the original share price were impacted by information on the firm’s engagement in price fixing, then the reduced returns could mean that the entity needs to adopt a risky, highly competitive, reduced profit margin business policy. Here, the anticipated litigation costs arising from court cases will be expected to have been discounted into the stock prices. However, if price fixing was done in secrecy, then news on a legal action would lead to price adjustment to reflect the resulting costs of unethical act, which would include the lost goodwill. For this, the costs that would be involved in adopting a more competitive strategy are already reflected in the price. The probability of reaching different conclusions using the same piece of evidence has been found in other areas of our present concern. There is evidence that in making investment decisions, investors do indeed rely on the information available on social responsibility (Patten 1990, p. 581). Other sources reveal superior investment performance of previously divested portfolios, though these results could have resulted from a combination of factors as opposed to mere social concerns. This may be explained in a number of ways. For example, following the net profit value method, the corporate financial theory holds that slight changes in either the projected net cash flows or the perceived discount rate impacts on the returns of capital stocks. Therefore, the grand performance of the divested funds may have resulted from a continuing increased risk or a weakening expected corporate performance as opposed to any ethical issues concerned. This argument can also be applied to the impact of ethical behaviour on investment in the nuclear industry. It has been found that markets place a lower value on nuclear firms at 20% as compared to other industries (Fuller at al. 1990, p. 124). On careful consider ation, the results reveal that perceived risk changes could have contributed to the valuations observed. Thus this leaves us with the option that social responsibility concerns could have had a positive effect on the whole affair. As witnessed above, untangling the effect of a certain activity on the prices of stock has its own complexities. Besides, we have to give room for the possible assumption that management may not be pursuing wealth maximization. There is significant evidence that often times, management has been known to unethically chase their own selfish ends especially if they are in conflict with shareholder wealth maximization (Findlay Whitmore 1974, p. 28). This will give rise to additional agency costs which the shareholders will incur to monitor management activity and in effect, will lead to reduced returns. When agency costs are involved the equation becomes even more complicated as we need to now to assess the effect of agency costs on the security prices. Evide nce of price fixing can be used to explain how agency costs bring-out a whole new interpretation of the empirical data. For example, working on the assumption that there is no diverging information, the stock market values its own stocks from the assumption that wealth maximization is the main objective of the firm. On this basis, announcement of a legal action could produce reduced returns because of the additional costs incurred in monitoring the activities of the management and not because of the unethical behaviour. Therefore, without a way of determining what kind of information was included in the original share price, major difficulties arise in trying to assess whether a certain pricing activity was impacted on by social responsibility behaviour. This raises the requirement for exercise of caution in interpreting the results of any given Empirical Study. The effect of agency costs may also help in the analysis of study results obtained for other perceived unethical activitie s, more so in the area of mergers and acquisition whereby there are insider dealings by the management. Of particular relevance is the case of hostile takeovers. Drawing from debates on what constitutes ethical behaviour (Jones Hunt 1991, 839), we can base our argument on the assumption that hostile takeovers are unethical. As such, it would appear that, ethical behaviour is being rewarded in this scenario. This is because, ordinarily, the returns of the target group increase significantly while those of the hostile bidders become negative to zero following the announcement of the intended takeover, (Franks Harris 1989, p. 238). Further, due to the existence of agency costs, the use of ‘poison pills’ or ‘shark repellants’ by target management will most probably result in negative returns on the part of the target shareholders (Meulbroek et al. 1990, p. 1113). So do these results support the argument that ethical considerations on hostile takeovers are evi denced in stock prices? Unfortunately, this evidence raises even more questions rather than answering them. For instance, given the potentially negative returns suffered by bidding shareholders, it would not be appropriate to say that the management bidders are pursuing wealth maximization for their shareholders, thus increasing the likelihood of incurring agency costs. On the other hand, it is likely that the bidding management only pays high prices to the target group innocently since the target bid premium payable is in most cases given back through wage concessions. Besides, the ‘unethical’ bidders will most likely be the targets in the future other than the bidders who helped increase the firm value. Thus from this conflicting evidence, it is only the unethical takeover activities that are properly reflected in the ultimate prices of stock. Undoubtedly, this is as a result of the obvious reduction in firm value that is a unique feature of the anti-takeover strategi es. Conclusions This paper has argued that wealth maximization as an objective will naturally adopt the ethical expectations inherent in its particular niche of operation. The best indicator of management’s performance is the price changes of the entity’s stocks in the capital market. Though management decisions could incorporate ethical concerns, it is the security market to determine whether these decisions are in accordance with wealth maximization goal through a valuation of stocks. Thus, this raises the question of to what degree is ethical behaviours reflected in the prices of securities? This question requires a careful study on the implications of unethical behaviour to the ultimate stock prices. But this presents a problem in that there is no established procedure on how to determine what does or does not constitute ethical behaviour, among other difficulties. For instance, assuming that stock markets rewards certain business ethical behaviour through attracti ve prices of securities, it does not automatically follow that when one pursues wealth maximization it will result into a socially responsible corporate behaviour. However, enterprises would most likely choose this path by choosing to believe that as long as actions are geared towards wealth maximization, then they are ethical and, therefore, justifiable. With this, changing management policy may become a big challenge since even reduced securities prices may not be adequate market sanctions. Thus even if it was determined that managerial decisions need to incorporate ethical considerations, market forces will not be sufficient to induce this. From this we can conclude that pursuing wealth maximization for the shareholders will definitely not result to a socially responsible corporate behaviour. However, evidence shows that the pursuit of wealth maximization could deter an entity from engaging in illegal activities. For example, a negative pattern of security price changes is noted whenever it is revealed that an entity has been engaging in illegal activities. Generally, it would appear reasonable to conclude that the stock market presumes that entities try to avoid engaging in illegal activities because of the possible incidental costs that they may suffer from engaging in such activities. References Beurden, P Gossling, T 2008, ‘The Worth Of Values – A Literature Review On The Relation Between Corporate Social And Financial Performance’, Journal Of Business Ethics, vol. 82 no.1, pp 407-424. Cosans, C 2009, ‘Does Milton Friedman Support A Vigorous Business Ethics?’ Journal Of Business Ethics, vol. 87 no.1, pp 391-399. Findlay, M Whitmore, G 1974, ‘Beyond Shareholder Wealth Maximization’, Financial Management (Winter), vol. 1 no1, pp. 25-35. Frank, J Harris, R 1989, ‘Shareholder Wealth effects of Corporate Takeovers. The U.K. Experience 1955-1985’, Journal of Financial Economics, vol.1 no.2, pp. 225 -249. Fuller, R, Himman, G, Lowinger, T 1990, ‘The Impact of Nuclear Power on the systematic Risk and Market value of Electricity Utility Common Stock’, Energy Journal, vol. 2 no1, pp. 117-113. Hawley, D 1991, ‘Business Ethics and Social Responsibility in Finance Instruction: Abdication of Responsibility’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 3 no.2, pp. 711-721. Husted, BW Salazar, DJ 2006, ‘Taking Friedman Seriously: Maximizing Profits And Social Performance’, Journal Of Management Studies, vol. 43 no.1, pp 76-91. Jones, T Hunt, R 1991, ‘The Ethics of Leveraged Management Buyouts Revisited’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 3 no.4, pp. 833-840. Meulbroek, L, Mitchel, M, Mulherin, J, Netter, J Poulsen, A 1990, ‘Shark Repellents and Managerial Myopia: An Empirical Test’, Journal of Political Economy, vol, 1 no.4, pp. 1108-1117. Patten, D 1990, ‘The Market Reaction to Social Responsibility Disclosures: The Case of the Sullivan Principles Signings’, Accounting, Organizations Society, vol.1 no.5, pp. 575-587. Shaw, W 2009, ‘Marxism, Business Ethics, And Corporate Social Responsibility’, Journal Of Business Ethics, vol.86 no.1, pp 565-576. Skantz, T, Cloninger, D Strickland T 1990, ‘Price-Fixing and Shareholders Returns: An Empirical Study’, Financial Review, vol.3 no.5, pp. 153-163. Smith, CN 2003, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: Whether Or How?’ California Management Review, vol. 45, no. 4, Summer, Pp 52-76. Solomon, E 1963, The Theory of Financial Management, Columbia U Press, New York. Treynor, J 1981, ‘The Financial Objectives in the Widely Held Corporation’, Financial Analysis Journal, vol.1 no.5, pp.5-15 Waldman, D 1988, ‘The Inefficiencies of Unsuccessful Price Fixing Agreement’, Antitrust Bulletin, vol.6 no.3, pp. 67-93. Wilcke, RW 2004, ‘An Appropriate Ethical Model for Business and a Critique of Milton Friedman’s Thesis’, The Independent Review, vol IX, no. 2, pp 187-209. Winch, D 1991, Analytical Welfare Economics, Penguin, Harmonsworth, U.K.

Battle of Peebles Farm in the Civil War

Battle of Peebles Farm in the Civil War Battle of Peebles Farm - Conflict Dates:   The Battle of Peebles Farm was fought September 30 to October 2, 1864, during the American Civil War and was part of the large Siege of Petersburg. Battle of Peebles Farm - Armies Commanders: Union Lieutenant General Ulysses S. GrantMajor General George G. MeadeMajor General Gouverneur K. Warren29,800 men Confederate General Robert E. LeeLieutenant General A.P. Hillapprox. 10,000 Battle of Peebles Farm - Background: Advancing against General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia in May 1864, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and Major General George G. Meades Army of the Potomac first engaged the Confederates at the Battle of the Wilderness.  Continuing the fighting through May, Grant and Lee clashed at Spotsylvania Court House, North Anna, and Cold Harbor.  Blocked at Cold Harbor, Grant elected to disengage and marched south to cross the James River with the goal of securing the key railroad center of  Petersburg and isolating Richmond.  Beginning their march on June 12, Grant and Meade crossed the river and began pushing towards Petersburg.  They were aided in this effort by elements of Major General Benjamin F. Butlers Army of the James. While Butlers initial assaults against Petersburg commenced on June 9, they failed to break through the Confederate lines.  Joined by Grant and Meade, subsequent attacks on June 15-18 drove the Confederates back but did not carry the city.  Entrenching opposite the enemy, Union forces began the Siege of Petersburg.  Securing his line on the Appomattox River in the north, Grants trenches extended south towards Jerusalem Plank Road.  Analyzing the situation, the Union leader concluded that the best approach would be to move against the Richmond Petersburg, Weldon, and Southside Railroads which supplied Lees army in Petersburg.  As Union troops attempted to move south and west around Petersburg, they fought several engagements including Jerusalem Plank Road (June 21-23) and Globe Tavern (August 18-21).  Additionally, a frontal assault was made against the Confederate works on July 30 at the Battle of the Crater. Battle of Peebles Farm - The Union Plan: Following the fighting in August, Grant and Meade achieved the goal of severing the Weldon Railroad.  This compelled Confederate reinforcements and supplies to disembark to the south at Stony Creek Station and move up Boydton Plank Road to Petersburg.  In late September, Grant directed Butler to mount an attack against Chaffins Farm and New Market Heights on the north side of the James.  As this offensive moved forward, he intended to push Major General Gouverneur K. Warrens V Corps west towards Boydton Plank Road with assistance on the left from Major General John G. Parkes IX Corps.  Additional support would be provided by a division from Major General Winfield S. Hancocks II Corps and a cavalry division led by Brigadier General David Gregg.  It was hoped that Butlers attack would force Lee to weaken his lines south of Petersburg to reinforce the Richmond defenses. Battle of Peebles Farm - Confederate Preparations: Following the loss of the Weldon Railroad, Lee directed that a new line of fortifications be constructed to the south to protect Boydton Plank Road.  While work on these progressed, a temporary line was built along Squirrel Level Road near Peebles Farm.  On September 29, elements of Butlers army succeeded in penetrating the Confederate line and captured Fort Harrison.  Gravely concerned about its loss, Lee began weakening his right below Petersburg to send forces north to re-take the fort.  As result, dismounted cavalry was posted to the Boydton Plank and Squirrel Level lines while those parts of Lieutenant General A.P. Hills Third Corps that remained south of the river were held back as a mobile reserve to deal with any Union incursions.   Battle of Peebles Farm - Warren Advances: On the morning of September 30, Warren and Parke moved forward.  Reaching the Squirrel Level line near Poplar Spring Church around 1:00 PM, Warren paused before directing Brigadier General Charles Griffins division to attack.  Capturing Fort Archer at the southern end of the Confederate line, Griffins men caused the defenders to break and retreat in a rapid fashion.  Having nearly had his corps badly defeated at Globe Tavern the previous month by Confederate counterattacks, Warren paused and directed his men to connect the newly-won position to the Union lines at Globe Tavern.  As a result, V Corps did not resume their advance until after 3:00 PM. Battle of Peebles Farm - The Tide Turns: Responding to crisis along the Squirrel Level Line, Lee recalled Major General Cadmus Wilcoxs division which had been en route to aid in the fighting at Fort Harrison.  The pause in the Union advance led to a gap emerging between V Corps and Parke on the left.  Increasingly isolated, XI Corps worsened their situation when its right division got ahead of the rest of its line.  While in this exposed position, Parkes men came under heavy attack by Major General Henry Heths division and that of the returning Wilcox.  In the fighting, Colonel John I. Curtins brigade was driven west towards the Boydton Plank Line where a large part of it was captured by Confederate cavalry.  The rest of Parkes men fell back before rallying at the Pegram Farm just north of the Squirrel Level Line. Reinforced by some of Griffins men, IX Corps was able to stabilize its lines and turned back the pursuing enemy.  The next day, Heth resumed attacks against the Union lines but was repulsed with relative ease.  These efforts were supported by Major General Wade Hamptons cavalry division which attempted to get in the Union rear.  Covering Parkes flank, Gregg was able to block Hampton.  On October 2, Brigadier General Gershom Motts II Corps came forward and mounted an assault towards the Boydton Plank Line.  Thought it failed to carry the enemys works, it allowed Union forces to construct fortifications close to the Confederate defenses. Battle of Peebles Farm - Aftermath: Union losses in the fighting at the Battle of Peebles Farm numbered 2,889 killed and wounded while Confederate losses totaled 1,239.  Though not decisive, the fighting saw Grant and Meade continue to push their lines south and west towards the Boydton Plank Road.  Additionally, Butlers efforts north of the James succeeded in capturing part of the Confederate defenses.  Fighting would resume above the river on October 7, while Grant waited until later in the month to attempt another effort south of Petersburg.  This would result in the Battle of Boydton Plank Road which opened on October 27.   Selected Sources National Park Service: Battle of Peebles FarmCWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Peebles FarmSiege of Petersburg: Battle of Peebles Farm

A Visit to The Tenement Museum Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

A Visit to The Tenement Museum - Term Paper Example Although my grandparents had also immigrated to America from Ireland, yet I could not learn about the difficulties immigrants faced as much from them as I learned in the Tenement Museum. Perhaps, my grandparents had had a smooth journey through it all, so they never told me things were as harsh for the immigrants as I saw in the Tenement Museum.   The Tenement Museum is one of its own kind. Unlike the trend in conventional museums, the tenements cannot be seen unless the visitor makes a walking tour in the form of a group. Visitors can not just roam about the place individually as they would like to. Although not many visitors like me approve of this idea, yet I find it a wonderful way in which the visitors can be made aware of maximum things in the minimum time. My group mates and I together went on the tour titled â€Å"Getting By†. In the tour, we had an insight into the life of two families, one of which was of the German-Jewish origin, while the other family was of Italian-Catholic origin. The families were called as the Gumpertz family and the Baldizzi family respectively. The Gumpertz family lived through the Panic of 1873. The Baldizzi family lived in the period of the Great Depression.   The apartments that the immigrants were provided with to live in were very small. Within some square feet, the immigrants had to adjust all areas of a home including the kitchen and the toilet. This tells how tough life must have been for them. As the visitors walk past the houses in groups, they have narrated the stories of the families that lived in them. I particularly liked the character of Nathalie, that was the mother in the Gumpertz family. Julius, the father of the family had run away and the only son Nathalie had passed away when he was very young. Nathalie accordingly became the head of the family. She had no source of income and had to run the expenses of the family.